Kepler-22b

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A comparison of kepler-22b and earth Kepler-22b is an exoplanet located about 600 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. It was discovered by Kepler spacecraft in December 2011, it was launched in 2009 on the mission of finding planets outside our solar system which are known as exoplanets. The discovery of Kepler-22b was announced after more than a year of observation and analysis of data from the spacecraft. The planet was detected by using the transit method it involves measuring the small decrease in the brightness of a star which occurs when a planet passes in front of it. Kepler-22b orbits a star called Kepler-22, Kepler-22b is known as a super-Earth, it means that it has a radius that is larger than Earth's but smaller than Neptune's. It is believed that its radius is 2.4 times that of Earth, and its mass is considered to be almost 35 times that of Earth. The planet orbits its star at a distance of almost 85 million miles (137 million kilometers) that i
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Hubble space telescope(HST)

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Hubble space telescope(HST)
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a powerful astronomical observatory located in low Earth orbit. The idea of a space telescope was first proposed in the 1940s, but it wasn't until the 1960s that the concept gained momentum. In 1977, NASA selected a team of scientists and engineers to develop a space telescope, and the project was named the Hubble Space Telescope in honor of Edwin Hubble, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest astronomers of the 20th century who made significant contributions to our understanding of the universe.
The HST is operated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA).It was designed to be a general-purpose instrument, capable of observing a wide range of objects and phenomena in space, from planets and moons in our solar system to the most distant galaxies in the universe. The telescope is approximately the size of a large school bus and weighs nearly 24,500 pounds. The HST's primary mirror has a diameter of 2.4 meters (7.9 feet) and is designed to collect visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Its instruments can produce high-resolution images, spectra, and other data that enable scientists to study the properties and behavior of celestial objects in great detail.
The HST has made many groundbreaking discoveries and observations since its launch, including the first direct evidence for the existence of supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies.                               
Supermassive black hole present at the center of our galaxy(milky way)
Other discoveries of Hubble space telescope(HST) include the first measurement of the expansion rate of the universe, and the discovery of dark energy, a mysterious force that is causing the expansion of the Universe to accelerate. It has also captured stunning images of galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial objects that have become iconic symbols of our universe. One of the most significant advantages of the Hubble Space Telescope is that it is above the Earth's atmosphere, which can distort and blur the images of celestial objects. The atmosphere can also block certain wavelengths of light, such as ultraviolet and infrared, which are important for studying certain types of astronomical phenomena. By observing from space, the Hubble Space Telescope can provide astronomers with clear, sharp images and spectra of celestial objects. Another major achievement of the Hubble Space Telescope is its discovery of planets outside our Solar System, known as exoplanets. Using a technique called transit photometry, the telescope has been able to detect the faint dimming of starlight caused by a planet passing in front of its star. This has allowed astronomers to detect and study thousands of exoplanets, which has revolutionized our understanding of planetary systems beyond our own. In addition to these groundbreaking discoveries, the Hubble Space Telescope has also provided astronomers with some of the most spectacular images in the history of astronomy. The telescope's ability to capture deep, high-resolution images of distant galaxies and nebulae has given us a glimpse into the beauty and complexity of the Universe. Some of the most iconic images from the Hubble Space Telescope include the Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula, the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, and the Carina Nebula.
Despite its many successes, the Hubble Space Telescope has not been without its challenges. The Hubble Space Telescope has been upgraded several times, with new instruments and improved hardware, to keep it at the forefront of astronomical research. The Hubble Space Telescope has also had to deal with the challenges of operating in space. The telescope is exposed to the harsh environment of space, which includes extreme temperatures and other issue.

Problems faced by Hubble space telescope(HST):

Here are some of the major issues faced by Hubble space telescope.
  1. flawed mirror:Shortly after Hubble was launched, it was discovered that its primary mirror had a flaw, which caused its images to be blurry. This was due to an error in the manufacturing process,which left the mirror with a slightly incorrect shape. In 1993, astronauts were sent to fix the problem by installing a corrective optics package, which corrected the mirror's shape and restored its imaging capabilities.
  2. Gyroscope failures:Hubble relies on gyroscopes to maintain its position and orientation in space. Over the years, several of these gyroscopes have failed, which has led to the telescope entering safe mode and interrupting its observations. The gyroscopes have been replaced during servicing missions.
  3. aging batteries:Hubble uses batteries to store power collected from its solar panels when it is in the Earth's shadow. The batteries have degraded over time, reducing the telescope's ability to conduct observations during this period. In 2009, astronauts replaced Hubble's batteries during a servicing mission.
  4. computer failures:Hubble has several onboard computers that control its instruments and manage data. These computers have experienced failures in the past, which have led to interruptions in observations. During servicing missions, astronauts have upgraded Hubble's computers to more advanced models.
  5. Sun shield degradation: Hubble has a sunshield that protects its instruments from the heat of the sun. Over time, the sunshield has degraded,causing it to develop holes and tears. This has affected Hubble's ability to observe certain wavelengths of light. Despite these problems, Hubble remains one of the most important scientific instruments ever created, and its contributions to our understanding of the universe are immeasurable.

Some of my favorite images taken by Hubble space telescope are:

1.THE COSMIC REEF-NGC 2014 AND NGC 2020:

The blue ring is the glowing oxygen of the ngc 2020 nebula a residual shroud formed by the excessive overflow from a massive insanely hot star sitting at the center all on its lonesome the red ngc 2014 is the complete opposite a red garden of reflective dust and gas that acts as a nursery for newborn stars

2.lAGOON NEBULA-HERSCHEL 36

The lagoon nebula has herschel 36 at its center a star 200000 brighter than our sun the violent emission of ultraviolet radiation causes the stellar wind to act like a tropical storm whipping the dust and gas around it into ripples and ridges

3.LIGHTSABER-HERBIG HARO 24

A young star with an hh-24 is blazing hot and although it's obscured by a jedi's robe shaped cloud of dust it shoots out twin jets of superheated gas looking almost exactly like a double-ended lightsaber

4.PILLARS OF CREATION-EAGLE NEBULA 

The pillars of creation are a five light year tall structure resembling an outstretched hat they are composed of cold hydrogen gas laced with just the right amount of dust making them breathtakingly beautiful and a super producer of baby stars 

5.MILKY WAY BULGE

How many stars can you fit in one frame our galaxy milky way is a crowded galaxy with an unusually high density of stars of all different sizes, colours and ages 

6.BUBBLE NEBULA-NGC 7635

A robust star 45 times larger than our sun is blowing a bubble using it's 4 million mile per hour solar wind pushing cold interstellar gas out in front of it like a snow plow forming the 7 light year diameter bubble nebula 

7.ETA CARINAE

It's a supermassive star with a bed temper it's prone to violent outbursts ejecting a huge amount of core material forming two bright magnesium-rich clouds

8.THE BUTTERFLY NEBULA 

The wing like structure of the butterfly nebula is actually boiling cauldrons of superheated gas at more than 36,000 fahrenheit and ripping through space at more than 600,000 miles per hour the delicate looking gas would complete a trip from earth to the moon in just 24 minutes 

9.ANTENNAE GALAXIES 

The antennae galaxies are a pair of interacting galaxies located approximately 45 million light-years away in the constellation Corvus. The galaxies are named after the long, antenna-like structures of gas and dust that extend out from each galaxy due to their gravitational interaction.when the merger of these galaxies complete they will form a new larger galaxy 

10.V838 MONOCEROTIS 

V838 Monocerotis is a star system located in the constellation Monoceros, about 20,000 light-years away from Earth. It gained notoriety in 2002 when it underwent a spectacular outburst, brightening by a factor of 600,000 in just a few weeks. During this outburst, the star ejected a huge shell of gas and dust, which expanded rapidly and lit up as it encountered light from the star's eruption.The reason of the outburst is believed that it was caused by a series of violent eruptions that occurred within the star. This caused the outer layers of the star to expand rapidly and cool, resulting in the dramatic increase in brightness.

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